CX 2023: IN.PACT AV three-year subanalysis trial data show “durable” long-term results

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The 2023 Charing Cross (CX) International Symposium (25–27 April, London, UK) saw a first-to-podium presentation by Andrew Holden (Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand) in which he presented new data from the IN.PACT AV Access trial of the IN.PACT AV (Medtronic) drug-coated balloon (DCB). Offering three-year subanalysis data, he said that the study is “the only randomised pivotal trial of a device treating dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) to demonstrate consistent and sustained clinical benefit” up to three years.

Establishing some background to the study, Holden noted that there have been eight published peer-reviewed studies with outcomes reported through to three years, but he said that all of these were single-centre with no adjudication—and that “all except one were single-arm and retrospective”. That means there is, in his words, “a paucity of evidence of long-term outcomes after treatment of stenoses in AV access”.

The IN.PACT AV study was initially planned to extend to 24 months, and a five-year extension meant a shrinking of the pool of participants as a result of death, withdrawal and declined consent to further study. In total, 133 participants completed their three-year visit out of an original cohort of 330 patients receiving the index procedure. Of that 330, 170 were in the IN.PACT AV arm, while 160 received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). In the IN.PACT AV arm, the mean age was 65.8 years and 112 of 170 were male. The standard PTA arm had a mean age of 65.5 and 101/160 were male.

As presented last year at CX, at 36 months, the DCB arm yielded a target lesion primary patency (TLPP) rate of 43.1% while the PTA arm had a rate of 28.6%, a statistically significant patency advantage for the DCB. This year, Holden set out for the first time the results of subgroup analyses in patients receiving an AVF in the forearm and upper arm at three years.

Those analyses included one in which the results were stratified by AVF type. In that analysis, the IN.PACT AV arm had a patency rate of 44.5% in forearm (radiocephalic) AVFs and 39.9% in upper arm (brachiocephalic and brachiobasilic) AVFs at 36 months, while the same rates with PTA were 33.8% and 21.3%, respectively. The patency advantage for DCB was significant for both forearm and upper arm fistulas.

The authors also stratified results by lesion type, with a DCB rate of TLPP of 50.6% at 36 months for de novo lesions and 40.5% for restenotic lesions. This was statistically superior to TLPP rates for PTA which were 42.2% and 22.7%.

A further subgroup analysis by lesion location focused on peri-anastomotic, cephalic arch and venous outflow lesions. For peri-anastamotic lesions, IN.PACT AV had a TLPP rate of 40.4% while PTA had a rate of 31.1% at 36 months. For cephalic arch lesions, the DCB arm saw a rate of 40.9% and the PTA arm one of 27.9%, while on venous outflow lesions the former had a rate of 45.6% and the latter of 25.5%. While patency was statistically superior at all lesion locations, the most notable effect was seen in peri-anastomotic and cephalic arch lesions.

For the first time, the 48-month all-cause mortality results were presented which again showed no evidence of a safety concern using a paclitaxel-eluting device in the AV access circuit. The mortality at 48 months was actually higher in the PTA arm at 41.8% compared to to the DCB arm where mortality was 34.6% although this did not reach statistical significance.

Summarising the findings, Holden stated that they demonstrated “sustained patency benefit for IN.PACT AV DCB compared to PTA in all subgroup analyses”, and he highlighted restenoses, perianastomotic and cephalic arch lesions in particular. Concluding his talk, he said: “Durable long-term data suggest the use of IN.PACT AV DCB as a standard of care for AVF maintenance in patients with end-stage kidney disease.”


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